What is the meaning of Class of persons

Answer :

       A class of persons means a body of persons. In order to constitute a class or a body of persons there must be a principle of classification and even two persons will be sufficient to form a class, if those who two person according to the principles of classification adopted, form group distinct from any other group. The expression any class of persons includes religious sects howsoever small in numbers.

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What is dying declaration ?

Answer :

A dying declaration is a declaration written or verbal made by a person as to the cause  of his death.

Example

X has been attacked by B . If A before death, makes a declaration oral/ written holding B responsible for his injuries it is called dying declaration.

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kinds of Estoppel

Answer 

The term Estoppel is derived from French word 'estoup' which means "shut the mouth". A person is not allowed/ permitted to speak contrary to his earlier statement. The object of this doctrine is to prevent commission of fraud against another. 

There are three kinds of Estoppel which are as follows :

1) Estoppel by Record

2) Estoppel by deed

3) Estoppel by Conduct.

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What is judgement and kinds of judgement

    Judgement means a decision made by a Court in respect of the matter before it. There are two kinds of judgements

1) Judgement in rem and

2) Judgement in personam.

Judgement in rem :

              Judgement in rem is adjudication pronounced upon the status of a person or a thing by a Competent Court to the world generally

Judgement in personam :

             Judgement in personam are all the ordinary judgements not affecting the status of any subject matter, any person or thing.

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Evidence as to affairs of State

                    According to Section 123 of the Indian Evidence Act, no one shall be permitted to give Evidence from unpublished official records relates to State affairs.

Section 123 read as follows :

              No one shall be permitted to give any evidence derived from unpublished official records relating to any affairs of State, except wit the permission of the officer at the head of the department concerned, who shall give or withhold such permission as he thinks fit.

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Meaning and Definition of "Proved" under the Indian Evidence Act 1872.

Proved — 

           According to section 3 of Indian Evidence Act,  A fact is said to be proved when, after considering the matters before it, the Court either believes it to exist, or considers its existence so probable that a prudent man ought, under the circumstances of the particular case, to act upon the supposition that it exists.

If courts believes it to exist, means it is proved beyond reasonable doubt..

Criminal Proceeding :

               In criminal proceeding, the extent of proving is beyond reasonable doubt, the guilt of the accused to be proved beyond reasonable doubt.

In Civil Proceeding :

  

              Proving beyond reasonable doubt is not necessary, it is balancing of probabilities and possibilities. 

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What are rights of arrested person under ordinary laws ?

Answer 

1) Right to be informed 

2) Right to call legal practitioner for defense

3) Get bail if offence is non-cognizable and bailable 

4) Right to be produced before Magistrate within 24 hours. excluding the period of journey from the place of arrest to the Court.   

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